The ruling on reading dad as dhal and the like

Question

If an imam cannot pronounce dad from its makhraj, what should he pronounce it like — dhal (ذ), dal (د) or za’ (ظ)? [Please give] the proof for the permissibility and impermissibility of each: if, for example, [pronouncing it] as dhal is impermissible, then why, and why is it permissible as another [letter]? And in which cases will the prayer become fasid, and in which will it not?

Answer

Dad is an independent letter, and it should not be deliberately read resembling any other letter. With za’ (ظ) it shares more in its characteristics (sifat). The validity and invalidity (fasad) of the prayer depend on the soundness or corruption of the meaning and on the ability to pronounce [the letter].

Source: Fatawa Mahmudiyya

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